Saruhashi Bridge (Yamanashi Prefecture) Complete Guide｜Thorough Explanation of the History, Structure, and Highlights of One of Japan’s Three Oddly-Shaped Bridges
Saruhashi Bridge, which spans the Katsuragawa Gorge in Otsuki City, Yamanashi Prefecture, was designated as a National Place of Scenic Beauty in 1932 (Showa 7). Due to its unique structure that does not use bridge piers, it is counted as one of “Japan’s Three Oddly-Shaped Bridges,” and was depicted in Utagawa Hiroshige’s ukiyo-e print “Koshu Saruhashi no Zu” during the Edo period. It continues to captivate many visitors today as a scenic spot.
This article comprehensively explains everything you should know before visiting, from the historical background of the nationally designated place of scenic beauty Saruhashi Bridge to its unique architectural structure, seasonal highlights, and access information.
About Saruhashi Bridge｜Overview of the Nationally Designated Place of Scenic Beauty
Saruhashi Bridge is a wooden bridge spanning a deep gorge of the Katsuragawa River that flows through Saruhashi-cho, Otsuki City, Yamanashi Prefecture. It has a length of 30.9 meters (approximately 31 meters), a width of 3.3 meters, and a height of approximately 31 meters above the water surface. It is currently used as a pedestrian bridge.
The greatest characteristic lies in its unique construction method that supports the bridge using a four-layered wooden structure called “hanegi” (cantilevered beams) that extends from the bedrock of both banks, without using any bridge piers. This rare structure was evaluated, and the bridge was designated as a National Place of Scenic Beauty on March 25, 1932. Otsuki City serves as the managing organization.
Position as One of Japan’s Three Oddly-Shaped Bridges
Saruhashi Bridge is widely known as one of “Japan’s Three Oddly-Shaped Bridges.” Although there are various theories about Japan’s Three Oddly-Shaped Bridges, the following bridges are generally mentioned:
- Saruhashi Bridge in Kai (Otsuki City, Yamanashi Prefecture・Katsuragawa River)
- Kintai Bridge (Iwakuni City, Yamaguchi Prefecture・Nishikigawa River)
- Kiso no Kakehashi (Nagano Prefecture) or Shinkyo Bridge (Nikko City, Tochigi Prefecture), Iya Kazurabashi (Tokushima Prefecture)
It is most frequently mentioned alongside Kintai Bridge, and both are considered masterpieces of Japanese bridge architecture due to their unique structures and beautiful landscapes.
History of Saruhashi Bridge｜From Legend to the Present
Origins and Legends
Several legends remain about the origins of Saruhashi Bridge. The most famous tells of a figure named Shirako who came from Baekje during the time of Empress Suiko (around 600 AD). According to the legend, he got the idea for the bridge by observing how monkeys crossed to the opposite bank, using vines to traverse the valley. The way monkeys used vines to cross the gorge is said to have inspired the hanegi structure concept, and this is said to be the origin of the name “Saruhashi” (monkey bridge).
Another theory suggests construction in the Nara or Heian period, though sources differ and the exact origins remain uncertain. However, it is certain that the bridge functioned as an important transportation route at least before the medieval period.
Saruhashi Bridge in the Edo Period
During the Edo period, Saruhashi Bridge served as an important river crossing point on the Koshu Kaido (highway), and many travelers used it. During this period, the bridge gained cultural attention, and was depicted in works by many painters and literati, including Utagawa Hiroshige’s ukiyo-e print “Koshu Saruhashi no Zu.”
During the Edo period, the bridge underwent regular reconstruction, and according to records, it was rebuilt approximately every 30 to 50 years. Since the structure was wooden, continuous maintenance was necessary to protect the bridge from deterioration caused by wind and rain, and damage from Katsuragawa floods.
Changes from the Meiji Period Onward
When the Meiji period began, the introduction of modern bridge engineering techniques reduced the bridge’s importance for transportation. However, its historical and cultural value was widely recognized, leading to its designation as a National Place of Scenic Beauty in 1932 (Showa 7).
The current Saruhashi Bridge is a restoration from 1984 (Showa 59), and while it reproduces the traditional construction method as much as possible, it has been adapted to comply with modern safety standards. Regular maintenance and preservation work is conducted to maintain its historical landscape.
Structure of Saruhashi Bridge｜The Hanegi Construction Method
What is the Hanegi (Cantilevered Beam) Structure?
The hanegi structure, which is the greatest characteristic of Saruhashi Bridge, is a uniquely Japanese building technique that supports a bridge without using bridge piers. Due to the deep Katsuragawa Gorge, it was technically difficult to construct bridge piers down to the riverbed, which led to this innovative construction method.
Hanegi are wooden beams fixed to bedrock on both banks that project outward in stages. Saruhashi Bridge uses a four-layered hanegi structure. Each layer of hanegi supports the layer below while gradually extending toward the center of the river, ultimately supporting the bridge beam.
Details of the Structure
Saruhashi Bridge has the following structural characteristics:
- Four-layered hanegi structure: Wooden beams project from both banks in four stages, with each supporting the layer below
- Bedrock anchoring: The base of the hanegi is deeply embedded in solid bedrock on both banks and fixed securely
- Wood assembly: Multiple wooden pieces are combined to distribute load and ensure overall structural strength
- Bridge beam placement: Bridge beams are laid across the top layer of hanegi, with bridge planks placed on top
Through this method, a bridge of 31 meters in length and 31 meters in height is realized without bridge piers. From the perspective of modern structural mechanics, the design is extremely rational.
Timber Used
Traditionally, the construction of Saruhashi Bridge used timber selected for durability and strength. Primarily hardwoods such as Japanese zelkova (keyaki) and Japanese cypress (hinoki) were used, with materials particularly resistant to water chosen for the hanegi portions.
Modern restoration work continues to follow traditional material selection as much as possible, with wood processing techniques implemented while referring to construction methods from the Edo period.
Highlights of Saruhashi Bridge｜Seasonal Charm
Saruhashi Bridge in Spring
Spring is a season of new greenery, when trees in the Katsuragawa Gorge bud simultaneously. Around Saruhashi Bridge, cherry blossoms can also be enjoyed, creating beautiful scenery from late March to early April with the contrast between the old wooden bridge and the cherry blossoms.
The spring gorge has increased water volume from snowmelt, and the sight of the clear Katsuragawa stream flowing powerfully is also a highlight.
Saruhashi Bridge in Summer
Summer is a season when the deep green of the gorge landscape stands out. The shade of trees is cool, and it is popular as a summer retreat. The Katsuragawa stream viewed from Saruhashi Bridge is highly transparent and sparkles in the strong summer sunlight.
In early morning, river mist may rise, offering a fantastical atmosphere.
Saruhashi Bridge in Autumn｜Famous for Fall Foliage
The autumn foliage season is when Saruhashi Bridge attracts the most visitors. The peak is typically mid-November, when the entire gorge is colored red and yellow.
The contrast between the wooden Saruhashi Bridge and the autumn leaves is as beautiful as a painting, attracting many photography enthusiasts. The combination of foliage-colored gorge viewed from the bridge, and the combination of the hanegi structure and fall foliage viewed from below the bridge is a spectacular sight unique to Saruhashi Bridge.
Crowding is expected during foliage season, so visiting early in the morning or on weekdays is recommended.
Saruhashi Bridge in Winter
Winter is a season when visitors are few and the landscape can be enjoyed quietly. Saruhashi Bridge blanketed in snow has the quality of a monochrome ink painting, and the snow-covered hanegi structure in particular displays unique beauty.
During winter, there is a possibility of frozen roadways, so caution is necessary when visiting.
Photography Spots
There are several recommended photography points for capturing the charm of Saruhashi Bridge:
- From the bridge: A powerful composition looking down at the gorge
- From downstream of the bridge: A classic angle capturing the entire hanegi structure
- From the walking trail: A combination of the bridge’s side profile and gorge beauty
- From across the bank: A view from Saruhashi Park side
In terms of time of day, the soft light in the morning beautifully illuminates the bridge, making it suitable for photography.
Attractions Around Saruhashi Bridge
Saruhashi Park
Located right next to Saruhashi Bridge, Saruhashi Park is an excellent viewpoint for enjoying the bridge. A walking trail is developed within the park, allowing the bridge to be appreciated from various angles. Benches are installed, so you can enjoy the scenery at leisure.
Katsuragawa Gorge Walking Trail
A walking trail is developed along the Katsuragawa River near Saruhashi Bridge, allowing visitors to experience the gorge beauty up close. A walk while listening to the gentle murmur of the clear stream offers a refreshing experience for both body and mind.
Saruhashi Nearby Facility
A facility where displays present information about the history and structure of Saruhashi Bridge. Visiting before or after seeing the bridge deepens your understanding of it.
Access Information
Access by Train
Nearest Station: JR Chuo Main Line “Saruhashi Station”
- Approximately 15-20 minutes walk from Saruhashi Station
- From Shinjuku Station to Saruhashi Station approximately 1 hour 30 minutes with limited express train
- From Kofu Station to Saruhashi Station approximately 40 minutes by local train
From Saruhashi Station to the bridge is a gentle uphill walk, with directional signs posted along the way.
Access by Car
Nearest Interchange: Chuo Expressway “Otsuki IC”
- Approximately 15 minutes from Otsuki IC (approximately 6 km)
- Approximately 1 hour 30 minutes from Tokyo area
- Approximately 30 minutes from Kofu area
Enter “Saruhashi” or “Saruhashi, Saruhashi-cho, Otsuki City, Yamanashi Prefecture” into your car navigation system.
Parking Information
Free parking is developed around Saruhashi Bridge:
- Capacity: 18 standard-size cars, 7 large buses (25 vehicles total)
- Cost: Free
- Hours: 24 hours
Since congestion is expected during fall foliage season and weekends, arriving early is recommended. If full, nearby paid parking lots can be used.
Bus Access
Route buses operate from Otsuki Station, but with limited service frequency, checking the schedule in advance is recommended.
Precautions and Etiquette for Sightseeing
Bridge Crossing
Although Saruhashi Bridge is currently open to the public, please note the following:
- Keep stops on the bridge brief
- During congestion, yield to others
- Do not lean against railings
- Do not shake the bridge
Photography Etiquette
- When using a tripod, ensure it does not obstruct traffic
- Be considerate so other tourists are not included in photos
- Drone photography requires advance permission
Safety Precautions
- Exercise caution when wet or after rain, as the bridge becomes slippery
- During winter, there is a possibility of frozen conditions
- When accompanied by small children, hold hands
- Do not lean out beyond railings
Nearby Tourist Attractions
Otsuki City Local History Museum
A museum where you can learn about Otsuki City’s history and culture, with exhibits related to Saruhashi Bridge. It is within walking distance from Saruhashi Station.
Iwatono Mountain
Iwatono Mountain, a symbol of Otsuki City, is popular as a hiking course. From the summit, you can enjoy views of Mt. Fuji and the Southern Alps.
Katsuragawa Wellness Park
A park facility popular with families, featuring athletic courses and lawn areas. Approximately 10 minutes by car from Saruhashi Bridge.
Best Season to Visit Saruhashi Bridge
Saruhashi Bridge has beauty in each season, but particularly recommended times are:
- Fall Foliage Season (Mid-November): Most popular, with the entire gorge colored by autumn leaves
- New Greenery Season (Late April to May): Fresh green and clear stream are beautiful
- Cherry Blossom Season (Late March to Early April): Cherry blossoms and the historic bridge combine for picturesque charm
For those wanting to avoid crowds, visiting on weekdays or early in the morning is recommended.
Cultural Value of Saruhashi Bridge
Saruhashi Bridge Depicted in Ukiyo-e
Edo-period ukiyo-e artist Utagawa Hiroshige depicted Saruhashi Bridge in “Koshu Saruhashi no Zu.” This work excellently expresses the bridge’s unique structure and surrounding landscape, indicating that Saruhashi Bridge was recognized as a scenic spot even at that time.
Beyond Hiroshige, many artists took Saruhashi Bridge as a subject, and Saruhashi appears in works by Katsushika Hokusai as well. These ukiyo-e prints have become valuable materials for understanding Saruhashi Bridge’s historical landscape.
Appearances in Literary Works
Saruhashi Bridge has been featured in many travel accounts, haiku, and waka poems. When Edo-period literati traveled the Koshu Kaido, Saruhashi Bridge was recognized as a must-see scenic spot.
Value as a Civil Engineering Heritage
The hanegi structure of Saruhashi Bridge represents the pinnacle of traditional Japanese wooden architecture techniques. From the perspective of modern civil engineering, the technique of spanning a long bridge without bridge piers is highly evaluated.
In 2006, it was recognized as a Japan Society of Civil Engineers Selected Civil Engineering Heritage, with its technological historical value officially acknowledged.
Preservation and Maintenance
Regular Maintenance Work
As a wooden bridge, Saruhashi Bridge requires regular maintenance. Otsuki City implements planned maintenance management from the perspective of cultural property protection while respecting traditional construction methods.
Main maintenance items:
- Replacement of rotted wood sections
- Inspection and reinforcement of hanegi structure
- Bridge plank replacement
- Repainting
Disaster Countermeasures
To protect Saruhashi Bridge from natural disasters such as Katsuragawa floods and typhoons, regular inspections and preventive conservation are conducted. Water level monitoring is particularly intensified during the rainy season and typhoon season.
Evaluations and Awards for Saruhashi Bridge
- 1932 (Showa 7): Designated as a National Place of Scenic Beauty
- 2006: Recognized as a Japan Society of Civil Engineers Selected Civil Engineering Heritage
- Ongoing Evaluation: Featured in various media as one of Japan’s beautiful bridges and historic structures
The bridge also receives high ratings on tourism-related review sites, with visitors frequently commenting that it allows one to “truly appreciate the excellence of Japanese traditional technology” and that “the landscape is beautiful throughout the seasons.”
Summary｜The Appeal of the Nationally Designated Place of Scenic Beauty Saruhashi Bridge
Saruhashi Bridge in Otsuki City, Yamanashi Prefecture, is one of Japan’s Three Oddly-Shaped Bridges with a history spanning over 1000 years. Its unique hanegi structure that does not use bridge piers stands as a masterpiece of traditional Japanese wooden architecture, continuing to captivate many people today.
Its appearance spanning the deep Katsuragawa Gorge presents a different expression with each season, and the beauty during fall foliage season is particularly exceptional. Its excellent accessibility, being only about 1 hour 30 minutes from Tokyo by limited express train, is also appealing, making it ideal for day-trip tourism.
Saruhashi Bridge, which combines historical value, technological value, and scenic beauty, is a representative tourist destination of Yamanashi Prefecture and a scenic spot well worth visiting at least once. It can be recommended to all visitors—those interested in traditional Japanese bridge architecture, those who enjoy natural beauty, and those who love photography.
On your next Yamanashi trip, please visit the nationally designated place of scenic beauty Saruhashi Bridge and confirm for yourself the landscape where traditional Japanese technology and natural beauty are harmonized.
